|
During World War II, the Nazi German ''ドイツ語:Einsatzkommandos'' were a sub-group of five ''ドイツ語:Einsatzgruppen mobile killing squads'' (term used by Holocaust historians) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, communists and the NKVD collaborators in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front.〔Thomas Urban, reporter of the Süddeutsche Zeitung; Polish text in Rzeczpospolita, Sept 1–2, 2001〕〔Alexander B. Rossino, historian at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., ( "Polish 'Neighbors' and German Invaders" ) ''Polin'', Volume 16, 2003. Internet Archive.〕 After the outbreak of war with the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa, the Red Army began to retreat so rapidly that the large ''Einsatzgruppen'' had to be split into dozens of smaller commandos (''Einsatzkommandos''), responsible for systematically killing Jews and, among others, alleged Soviet partisans behind the Wehrmacht lines. Several ''Einsatzkommando'' officers were tried, convicted of war crimes and hanged after the war (see Einsatzgruppen Trial). As a military term, the German ''Einsatzkommando'' (Operational Command) is roughly equivalent to the English ''task force'' and is still in use for German paramilitary organizations, such as SEK and ''Einsatzkommando'' Cobra. ==Organization of the ''Einsatzgruppen''== ''Einsatzgruppen'' ((ドイツ語:special-ops units)) were paramilitary groups originally formed in 1938 under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich – Chief of the SD, and ''Sicherheitspolizei'' (Security Police; SiPo). They were operated by the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS). The first ''Einsatzgruppen'' of World War II were formed in the course of the 1939 invasion of Poland. Then following a Hitler-Himmler directive, the ''Einsatzgruppen'' were re-formed in anticipation of the 1941 assault on Russia. The ''Einsatzgruppen'' were once again under the control of Reinhard Heydrich as Chief of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA); and after his assassination, under the control of his successor, Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Hitler ordered the SD and the Security Police to suppress the threat of native resistance behind the Wehrmacht's fighting front. The ''Quartermaster'' General Eduard Wagner (representing Wilhelm Keitel, Chief of the Supreme Command of the Wehrmacht) met Heydrich and agreed to the activation, commitment, command, and jurisdiction of Security Police and SD units in the Wehrmachts table of operations and equipment (TOE): in the rear operational areas, the ''Einsatzgruppen'' were to function in administrative sub-ordination to the field armies in order to effect the tasks assigned them by Heydrich. Their principal task (during the war), according to SS General Erich von dem Bach, at the Nuremberg Trials: "was the annihilation of the Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars". They were a key component in the implementation of the "Final Solution of the Jewish question" (German: ''Die Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in the conquered territories. These killing units should be viewed in conjunction with the Holocaust. The military commanders knew the task of the ''Einsatzgruppen''. The ''Einsatzgruppen'' depended upon their sponsoring army commander for billet, food, and transportation. Relations between the regular army and the SiPo and the SD were close. ''Einsatzgruppen'' commanders reported that the understanding by Wehrmacht commanders of ''Einsatzgruppen'' tasks made their operations considerably easier. In the beginning of Operation Barbarossa (June 1941), four ''Einsatzgruppen'' were formed, each attached to an Army group: ''Einsatzgruppe'' A to Army Group North; ''Einsatzgruppe'' B to Army Group Center, ''Einsatzgruppe'' C to Army Group South, and ''Einsatzgruppe'' D to the 11th German Army. ''Einsatzgruppen'' officers were drawn from the SD, the Waffen-SS, the Criminal Police (Kripo), and the Gestapo. The enlisted men were from the Waffen-SS, the regular police, the Gestapo, and the locally recruited police. When occasion demanded, German Army commanders bolstered the strength of the ''Einsatzgruppen'' with their own regular-army troops. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Einsatzkommando」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|